Update:
Rolled back a few updates incl. 24H2 without success. Uninstalled a few programs. Reinstalled 24H2 again and am up to
While sfc /scannow remains without errors, DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth keeps showing HRESULT = 0x800f0915 - CBS_E_REPAIR_CONTENT_MISSING, even when I add a freshly downloaded install USB as a source, like
DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth /Source

:\sources\sxs /LimitAccess
Also tried
DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth /Source:WindowsUpdate
Plot twist: Two days ago I noticed that the Ethernet connection has slowed down from 300 to 90 Mbps. Other machines wired to the same router still have 300 Mbps (all via Open DNS and fixed IP). Wifi was still fast, adding it brought it up to 270. Now the combined Ethernet/Wifi is also down to 90. Go figure.
Again, the whole slow-down happens after some time, not sure exactly what time span. Sometimes restart helps, sometimes not.
Safe mode did not give me any insights yet.