Severe Windows 11 Corruption on ASUS Vivobook K513EQ: In-Place Upgrade Fails, and Storage Invisible

System Specs:

• Laptop: ASUS Vivobook K513EQ
• CPU: Intel Core i5-1135G7
• OS: Windows 11

Problem
My system has become deeply unstable and corrupted after running Windows Update a few weeks ago (the machine had not been updated for about half a year). The updates completed, but the OS is now exhibiting severe stability and UI issues.

Symptoms

• Shutdown Crash: Shutting down or disabling Windows via the Start Menu triggers a memory writing error: "The instruction at 0x... referenced memory at 0x... The memory could not be written". Note that the RAM has been fully stress-tested and returned no errors.
• Severe UI Glitches: In file removal/confirmation dialog boxes, the "Apply to all" checkbox and the borders/frames of buttons are completely invisible. Only the raw text shows, though the invisible checkboxes are still clickable if you blind-click them.
• Task Manager Bug: Task Manager fails to launch on the first attempt, throwing a DLL error in the Event Viewer history. It only successfully opens on the second attempt.
• Broken Recovery Environment (WinRE): The built-in recovery options just crash/restart the Settings process. Booting into the built-in Recovery Environment fails to connect to Wi-Fi, claiming the password is incorrect (it isn't).

What I tried

1. SFC & DISM (Online): Running sfc /scannow and dism completes successfully without real result.
2. In-Place Upgrades: Attempted to run an In-Place Upgrade/Repair using official Windows ISOs (tried both 24H2 and 25H2 builds). Both threw errors and failed to complete.
3. Windows Media Creation Tool (USB): Created a bootable installation USB. When launching the recovery options from it, it just restarted the loop.
4. The Storage Roadblock: Dropped into Command Prompt via the USB installer (Shift + F10) to try offline DISM, but running diskpart -> list volume only displayed the USB drive itself (ESD-USB). The internal storage drive is not detected in this environment.

Extra details
I need to find a way to resolve this corruption and get the system stable again without wiping my drive. What should my next troubleshooting steps be given that offline recovery tools cannot see the internal drive and online repair tools freeze or fail?

offline recovery tools cannot see the internal drive

Click to expand...

This seems odd.. on the one hand the O/S appears to be booting - at least in some fashion, but on the other you say the drive can't be seen.. do you mean the entire drive, or one partition on the drive?

Have you done the obvious basic check- test the physical disk by one means or another using
- Crystal Diskinfo (free) (portable version available)
or perhaps if you can't manage that

If those pass run
chkdsk c: /scan
from an admin command prompt - result on screen, look at end to see result.

Note that the June update has been widely reported as causing significant issues for many users.
e.g. see

And I'm wondering why you're on 24H2...

Of course, routine recovery would be possible if you have been using 3rd party disk imaging as is strongly recomended, and have an appropriate recent image. Do you?

Thanks.