Overprovisioning SSD - Windows 11


I have a 1 TB SSD. If you notice, disk management shows its capacity as 953.87 GB. Diskpart shows the capacity as 953 GB. The physical capacity of the SSD is a true, binary, 1 TB which is 1024 GB. The difference between 953.87 and 1024 GB is 6.85%. That difference is the factory overprovisioning. Also, with any SSD and OS that supports TRIM, the free space on the SSD included in the partitions that are being trimmed serves as dynamic overprovisioning.
Hi,
There I always thought it was MS and manufactures counting a gigabyte differently
MS 1024mb = 1 gb
Manufactures 1000mb = 1gb
This is not O.P. it is counting disconnect.

On the op it's self
Yes I always leave at least 20gbs unallocated so the ssd firmware has something to work with.
 
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I have a 1 TB SSD. If you notice, disk management shows its capacity as 953.87 GB. Diskpart shows the capacity as 953 GB. The physical capacity of the SSD is a true, binary, 1 TB which is 1024 GB. The difference between 953.87 and 1024 GB is 6.85%. That difference is the factory overprovisioning. Also, with any SSD and OS that supports TRIM, the free space on the SSD included in the partitions that are being trimmed serves as dynamic overprovisioning.
1GB= 1024MB and 1000MB (It depends)

The clarity arises when you are using it in places of Decimal or Binary.

In case of Decimal places:

Kilobyte= 1000 Bytes or B

Megabyte= 1000 kB

Gigabyte= 1000 MB

In case of Binary Places:

Kilobyte= 1024 Byte or B

Megabyte= 1024 kB= (1024)^2 Byte= 1,048,576 Bytes

Gigabyte= 1024 MB=(1024)^3 Byte=1,073,741,824 Bytes

However, Salesman will tell you that 1 GB = 1000 MB because it is simpler that way, because it is easier for non-technical people to understand. This is also valid when it is expressly stated, as it is, e.g., on computer hard disks. This explains why hard drives appear to have a lower capacity than advertised.

E.g.

A 1TB hard drive has the capacity to store 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. Divide this by 1024 and you get 976,562,500KB. Divide by 1024 again and you get 953,674.3MB. *Some lazy controllers chips round this as the reported value (onboard controller not MB)

Finally, divide by 1024 to get gigabytes and you end up with 931.32GB. (which is usually rounded in the OS.) (as bellow)

All store 1,000,000,000,000 bytes, just report differently.
 

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Where? I've not seen anything (at least) from Samsung that outright recommends users overprovision their drives.

There "might" be some documentation about enterprise use, but the vast majority of end users aren't enterprise users.

It is not necessary to overprovision at all because the speed of ssd m2 remains the same and nothing changes well, wrote The-Hive I have never done it. Win 11 did create an unallocated sector on my SSD's on it own when I installed them

That would be the 16MB MSR partition? That has nothing to do with over-provisioning, all clean installs of W10 or W11 on a UEFI/GPT system will have one.

In 2019, when I bought my Mac and was setting it up 1st time, I remember being prompted to set aside 20 GB space for better performance. My Mac has a 256 GB internal disk, so that's roughly 8%. At the time I didn't know what that is, but now I can say it is over-provisioning.
 

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1GB= 1024MB and 1000MB (It depends)

The clarity arises when you are using it in places of Decimal or Binary.

In case of Decimal places:

Kilobyte= 1000 Bytes or B

Megabyte= 1000 kB

Gigabyte= 1000 MB

In case of Binary Places:

Kilobyte= 1024 Byte or B

Megabyte= 1024 kB= (1024)^2 Byte= 1,048,576 Bytes

Gigabyte= 1024 MB=(1024)^3 Byte=1,073,741,824 Bytes

However, Salesman will tell you that 1 GB = 1000 MB because it is simpler that way, because it is easier for non-technical people to understand. This is also valid when it is expressly stated, as it is, e.g., on computer hard disks. This explains why hard drives appear to have a lower capacity than advertised.

E.g.

A 1TB hard drive has the capacity to store 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. Divide this by 1024 and you get 976,562,500KB. Divide by 1024 again and you get 953,674.3MB. *Some lazy controllers chips round this as the reported value (onboard controller not MB)

Finally, divide by 1024 to get gigabytes and you end up with 931.32GB. (which is usually rounded in the OS.) (as bellow)

All store 1,000,000,000,000 bytes, just report differently.
Hi,
There I always thought it was MS and manufactures counting a gigabyte differently
MS 1024mb = 1 gb
Manufactures 1000mb = 1gb
This is not O.P. it is counting disconnect.

On the op it's self
Yes I always leave at least 20gbs unallocated so the ssd firmware has something to work with.
Seagate disagrees with you (under the heading "Amount of Over-provisioning":

Samsung states that their SSDs typically include 6.7% factory over-provisioning, which is pretty darn close to my calculated 6.85%:

My theory is based upon information obtained from the above two sources.

Windows reports 953.87 GB capacity. Based on binary 1,024 bytes: 953.87 GB * 1024 MB * 1024 KB * 1024 Bytes = 1,024,210,113,658.88 bytes, which is an impossible number for physical memory. In physical binary memory terms 1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes. The difference between the two is exactly 6.8486% which is the amount of factory over-provisioning. It is impossible for a 1 TB SSD to contain 1,000,000,000,000 physical memory bytes capacity. Physical memory capacity must be a base of two. 1,000,000,000,000 is 2^39.86314 which is physically impossible. 1 TB = 2^40. Also, finally, the ratio of 1000/1024 is .9766, so if the difference in capacity was explained by the difference in base 2 calculations vs. base 10 calculations only, Windows would be reporting a capacity of 976.56 GB.
 
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All of my more-or-less static data is on removable externals ( SSDs and thumbs). I use my F: drive for images and copies of stuff that's on C: and D:. I also copy my latest image to an external drive, and delete the oldest image on it. That way, even if I got hit by a disastrous attack, getting back up to speed would only take a few minutes. My last full restore of Disk 0 (Windows on C: and all but two of my programs on D:) took 2.5 minutes with MR 8.

I got Samsung Magician a while back when I bought four Samsung SSDs. I carefully considered the "overprovisioning" offered, and decided that there was, in my case, no need at all for it.

Clipboard01.jpg
 

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I got Samsung Magician a while back when I bought four Samsung SSDs. I carefully considered the "overprovisioning" offered, and decided that there was, in my case, no need at all for it.
You are living up to your screen name of Wisewiz!
 

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    Dell Inspiron 7773
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It's very kind of you to say so.
 

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Tracking all...and have continued to research a little. As some of you have alluded to, it is both affected by manufacturer and workload. Since I had already deleted my Recovery Partition, I went ahead and carved out 10% of space for OP (unallocated/not formatted). If I need more space later, I can simply expand the OS partition. Anyways, the input and discussion here is still valuable. I've read that different manufacturers allocate different amounts of factory OP...~7% seems most common (NavyLCDR is in line with this) while some apparently go all the way up to 28% (that's a lot of lost space). Workload and free space was also mentioned, with some notes that performance "may" start to degrade when a SSD is beyond 50+%. Supposedly, having some manual OP may help with that. There was no quantitative data on what that performance hit is, or additional wear. It also isn't clear whether this accounts for early vs. current SSDs, SATA vs. NVME, drive size (i.e. 128GB vs. 4TB), etc. FWIW, I recently retired my wife's HP Spectre 13 (from circa 2013) and the SSD was still going strong without any OP (and even the original battery was going nice and strong).
 

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Tracking all...and have continued to research a little. As some of you have alluded to, it is both affected by manufacturer and workload. Since I had already deleted my Recovery Partition, I went ahead and carved out 10% of space for OP (unallocated/not formatted). If I need more space later, I can simply expand the OS partition. Anyways, the input and discussion here is still valuable. I've read that different manufacturers allocate different amounts of factory OP...~7% seems most common (NavyLCDR is in line with this) while some apparently go all the way up to 28% (that's a lot of lost space). Workload and free space was also mentioned, with some notes that performance "may" start to degrade when a SSD is beyond 50+%. Supposedly, having some manual OP may help with that. There was no quantitative data on what that performance hit is, or additional wear. It also isn't clear whether this accounts for early vs. current SSDs, SATA vs. NVME, drive size (i.e. 128GB vs. 4TB), etc. FWIW, I recently retired my wife's HP Spectre 13 (from circa 2013) and the SSD was still going strong without any OP (and even the original battery was going nice and strong).
As mentioned in post #23, over-provisioning isn't an old concept, and is applicable to modern Disks too. That' said, it mostly comes into play when there is insufficient free space among the existing allocated partitions. Those who say they have been using it for years without hampering performance (without over-provisioning), likely had sufficient free space within their allocated partitions.
 

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    1 TB Seagate HDD on bay 2.
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60%? Modern drives are far more reslient than that.

This just means you are seriously downgrading capacity in effect, which means you have to buy extra drives to get capacity.

I let data drives run up to 90% (you need space for temporary files). Data drives do not take the same extent of wear and tear.

On my 1 TB optane OS SSD, I have one 250 GB partition for OS+Programs which gives me plenty of future use. I use the other 750GB for largely static data. For variable data such as virtual hsrd drives, I use my second SSD.

Well we all have our ways of doing things. YMMV :wink:
 

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    This is my backup system.
Seagate disagrees with you (under the heading "Amount of Over-provisioning":

Samsung states that their SSDs typically include 6.7% factory over-provisioning, which is pretty darn close to my calculated 6.85%:

My theory is based upon information obtained from the above two sources.

Windows reports 953.87 GB capacity. Based on binary 1,024 bytes: 953.87 GB * 1024 MB * 1024 KB * 1024 Bytes = 1,024,210,113,658.88 bytes, which is an impossible number for physical memory. In physical binary memory terms 1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes. The difference between the two is exactly 6.8486% which is the amount of factory over-provisioning. It is impossible for a 1 TB SSD to contain 1,000,000,000,000 physical memory bytes capacity. Physical memory capacity must be a base of two. 1,000,000,000,000 is 2^39.86314 which is physically impossible. 1 TB = 2^40. Also, finally, the ratio of 1000/1024 is .9766, so if the difference in capacity was explained by the difference in base 2 calculations vs. base 10 calculations only, Windows would be reporting a capacity of 976.56 GB.
Sorry for the confusion, I was not on about O.P., But the differences seen in reported OS values compared to marketing etc. your sited papers have the same explanation :

A “Billion” Bytes of Storage A “Billion” Bytes of Memory


Name
Gigabyte (GB) Gibibyte (GiB)

Mathematical Equivalent
10^9 2^30

# of Bytes
1,000,000,000 1,073,741,824
 

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I think that was a safeguard for the early generations of SSD which were not expected to have as long lives as it turned out to be.
 

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Overprovisioning is just a way for SSD's manufacturer to force users to leave at least some free space for proper SSDs operation. It mostly affects Wear leveling when some data is moved around in an attempt to average number of writes to all cells so none get more ear than others.
 

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I know it's a simple typo, but I like the idea of cells getting an amount of EAR, Mike. :giggle:
 

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    Lenovo 3132
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    32GBDDR4 @ 2666MHz
    Graphics Card(s)
    Intel HD 630 Graphics onboard
    Sound Card
    Realtek HD Audio
    Monitor(s) Displays
    LG E2442
    Screen Resolution
    1920x1080
    Hard Drives
    1 x Samsung 970 EVO PLUS 500GB NVMe SSD, 1 x WD_BLACK SN770
    250GB NVMe SSD (OS and programs), 1 x WD_BLACK SN770
    500GB NVMe SSD (Data)
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  • Operating System
    11 Pro 23H2 22631.3374
    Computer type
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    Manufacturer/Model
    Lenovo ThinkCentre M920S SFF
    CPU
    i5-8400 @ 2.80GHz
    Motherboard
    Lenovo 3132
    Memory
    32GB DDR4 @ 2600MHz
    Graphics card(s)
    Intel HD 630 Graphics onboard
    Sound Card
    Realtek High Definition Audio onboard
    Monitor(s) Displays
    LG FULL HD (1920x1080@59Hz)
    Screen Resolution
    1920 x 1080
    Hard Drives
    1 x Samsung 970 EVO PLUS NVMe; 1 x Samsung 980 NVMe SSD
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    Lenovo Think Centre SFF
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    LogiTech M510 wireless
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    Cherry Stream TKL JK-8600US-2 Wired
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    Antivirus
    Malwarebytes Premium and MS Defender, beautiful together

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    Gigabyte Rx 6600XT Gaming OC 8G Pro
    Sound Card
    MB, Realtek Ac1220p
    Monitor(s) Displays
    3 x 27"
    Screen Resolution
    1080p
    Hard Drives
    Kingston KC3000. 1TBSamsung 970 evo Plus 500GB, Crucial P1 NVMe 1TB, Lexar NVMe 2 TB, Silicon Power M.2 SATA 500GB
    PSU
    Seasonic 750W
    Case
    Custom Raidmax
    Cooling
    Arctic Liquid Freezer III 360mm
    Internet Speed
    20/19 mbps

My Computer

System One

  • OS
    Windows 10 Pro + others in VHDs
    Computer type
    Laptop
    Manufacturer/Model
    ASUS Vivobook 14
    CPU
    I7
    Motherboard
    Yep, Laptop has one.
    Memory
    16 GB
    Graphics Card(s)
    Integrated Intel Iris XE
    Sound Card
    Realtek built in
    Monitor(s) Displays
    N/A
    Screen Resolution
    1920x1080
    Hard Drives
    1 TB Optane NVME SSD, 1 TB NVME SSD
    PSU
    Yep, got one
    Case
    Yep, got one
    Cooling
    Stella Artois
    Keyboard
    Built in
    Mouse
    Bluetooth , wired
    Internet Speed
    72 Mb/s :-(
    Browser
    Edge mostly
    Antivirus
    Defender
    Other Info
    TPM 2.0
I wonder if overprovisioning might be built into some drives. For instance, I have 240, 250 and 256 Gb ssd's and wonder if they have the same set of memory chips.
The ssd's that I use are very unlikely to ever benefit from overprovisioning as they tend to be 75% empty.
 

My Computers

System One System Two

  • OS
    W11 pro beta
    Computer type
    PC/Desktop
    Manufacturer/Model
    home built
    CPU
    Athlon 3000G
    Motherboard
    Asrock A320M-HDV r4.0
    Memory
    16Gb Crucial DDR4 2400
    Graphics Card(s)
    onboard cpu
    Sound Card
    onboard
    Monitor(s) Displays
    AOC 27
    Screen Resolution
    2560-1440
    Hard Drives
    WD black SN750 M2 500Gb
    PSU
    500W Seasonic core 80+gold non modular
    Case
    Fractal Design Define R2
    Cooling
    front 2 x 120mm rear 100mm stock psu
    Internet Speed
    135/20
    Browser
    Firefox and edge
    Antivirus
    Windows Security and free Malwarebytes
  • Operating System
    W11 pro 64 beta (from W10 pro system builder pack)
    Computer type
    PC/Desktop
    Manufacturer/Model
    homebuilt
    CPU
    Ryzen 7 5700G
    Motherboard
    MSI B450 tomahawk max II
    Memory
    4 x 8Gb Corsair Vengeance LPX 3000 DDR4
    Graphics card(s)
    onboard cpu
    Sound Card
    motherboard
    Monitor(s) Displays
    LG 21.5" IPS
    Screen Resolution
    1920 x 1080
    Hard Drives
    WD 1Tb Black M2 SN850X on Asus hyper M2 X16 max V2 card
    PSU
    Be Quiet 400 semi modular 80+gold
    Case
    Coolermaster Silencio 650
    Cooling
    140mm front, 120 rear Akasa Vegas Chroma AM
    Internet Speed
    135/20
    Browser
    edge/Firefox
    Antivirus
    WD plus Malwarebytes free
I wonder if overprovisioning might be built into some drives. For instance, I have 240, 250 and 256 Gb ssd's and wonder if they have the same set of memory chips.
The ssd's that I use are very unlikely to ever benefit from overprovisioning as they tend to be 75% empty.

All SSD have some over provisioning built in.
 

My Computers

System One System Two

  • OS
    Windows 11 Pro x64
    Computer type
    PC/Desktop
    Manufacturer/Model
    DIY Photoshop/Game/tinker build
    CPU
    Intel i9 1300KS
    Motherboard
    Asus ROG Maximus Z90 Dark Hero
    Memory
    64GB (2x32) G.skill Trident Z5 RGB 6400 MHZ 32-39-39
    Graphics Card(s)
    Asus ROG Strix 4070 Ti OC
    Sound Card
    Onboard Audio, Vanatoo Transparent One; Klipsch R-12SWi Sub; Creative Pebble Pro Minimilist
    Monitor(s) Displays
    Eizo CG2730, ViewSonic VP2768
    Screen Resolution
    2560 x 1440p x 2
    Hard Drives
    WDC SN850 1TB nvme, SK-Hynix 2 TB P41 nvme, Raid 0: 1TB 850 EVO + 1TB 860 EVO SSD. Sabrent USB-C DS-SC5B 5-bay docking station: 6TB WDC Black, 6TB Ironwolf Pro; 2x 2TB WDC Black
    PSU
    850W Seasonic Vertex PX-850
    Case
    Fractal Design North XL Mesh, Black Walnut
    Cooling
    EKWB 360 Nucleus Dark AIO w/Phanteks T30-120 fans, 1 Noctua NF-A14 Chromax case fan
    Keyboard
    Glorious GMMK TKL mechanical, lubed modded
    Mouse
    Logitech G305 wireless gaming
    Internet Speed
    380 Mb/s down, 12 Mb/s up
    Browser
    Firefox
    Antivirus
    Defender, Macrium Reflect 8 ;-)
  • Computer type
    Laptop
    Manufacturer/Model
    Apple 13" Macbook Pro 2020 (m1)
    CPU
    Apple M1
    Screen Resolution
    2560x1600
    Browser
    Firefox

My Computer

System One

  • OS
    W11
    Computer type
    PC/Desktop
    CPU
    I9- 13900K
    Motherboard
    Asus Rog Maximus Hero 790
    Memory
    GSkill 6000
    Graphics Card(s)
    Asus Strix OC 4090
    Monitor(s) Displays
    LG 48" CX OLED
    Screen Resolution
    3840 x 2160 120Hz HDR
    Hard Drives
    Samsung 980 Pro C drive, 980 Pro for data drive
    PSU
    EVGA 1600 Watt
    Case
    open case
    Cooling
    chip and cpu liquid
    Keyboard
    Razer Cynosa
    Mouse
    Razer Deathadder
    Internet Speed
    950 Mb down, 450 Mb upload
    Browser
    Chrome

My Computers

System One System Two

  • OS
    W11 pro beta
    Computer type
    PC/Desktop
    Manufacturer/Model
    home built
    CPU
    Athlon 3000G
    Motherboard
    Asrock A320M-HDV r4.0
    Memory
    16Gb Crucial DDR4 2400
    Graphics Card(s)
    onboard cpu
    Sound Card
    onboard
    Monitor(s) Displays
    AOC 27
    Screen Resolution
    2560-1440
    Hard Drives
    WD black SN750 M2 500Gb
    PSU
    500W Seasonic core 80+gold non modular
    Case
    Fractal Design Define R2
    Cooling
    front 2 x 120mm rear 100mm stock psu
    Internet Speed
    135/20
    Browser
    Firefox and edge
    Antivirus
    Windows Security and free Malwarebytes
  • Operating System
    W11 pro 64 beta (from W10 pro system builder pack)
    Computer type
    PC/Desktop
    Manufacturer/Model
    homebuilt
    CPU
    Ryzen 7 5700G
    Motherboard
    MSI B450 tomahawk max II
    Memory
    4 x 8Gb Corsair Vengeance LPX 3000 DDR4
    Graphics card(s)
    onboard cpu
    Sound Card
    motherboard
    Monitor(s) Displays
    LG 21.5" IPS
    Screen Resolution
    1920 x 1080
    Hard Drives
    WD 1Tb Black M2 SN850X on Asus hyper M2 X16 max V2 card
    PSU
    Be Quiet 400 semi modular 80+gold
    Case
    Coolermaster Silencio 650
    Cooling
    140mm front, 120 rear Akasa Vegas Chroma AM
    Internet Speed
    135/20
    Browser
    edge/Firefox
    Antivirus
    WD plus Malwarebytes free

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